Pakistan is highly susceptible to climate change, despite having a minimal contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing climate change is  no longer a choice for the country; it has become an inevitable reality due to the increasing occurrence of devastating floods and droughts. The potential effects of climate change outlined in this paper are extensive and expected to impact all aspects of sustainable development, affecting various sectors and ecosystems. Economically, the negative consequences of climate change will be far-reaching, impacting water security, food security, and energy security, as well as agriculture, forests, livestock, and fisheries – all crucial sectors for Pakistan’s economy. From a social perspective, climate change will have adverse effects on health, leading to the displacement of people and loss of income due to more frequent extreme natural events like floods, droughts, or rising sea levels.

Global climate change and the impacts of global warming have been significant challenges over the past 65 years. Climate change is a complex issue that affects the environment, society, and economy. Mental health implications of climate change have become a growing area of research, focusing on emotional and psychological responses to climate-related events. These events have been linked to mental health issues such as mood disorders, substance abuse, suicide ideation, and disruptions to personal and cultural identity. Human activities have caused a rise in the Earth’s surface temperature, resulting in longer and more frequent hot summer days worldwide. This increase in temperature has led to increased evaporation from oceans and land, resulting in a rise in global average precipitation. Some regions are experiencing droughts due to high evaporation rates and changes in wind patterns, while others are facing flash floods. Global warming is causing the melting of low-level glaciers, which are vital water sources for many Asian countries. In high mountainous regions, studies have shown potential temperature increases of 2%–6°C this century, which could negatively impact water resources in Central Asia. In China, around 41% of glacier areas are at risk due to climate change. Developing countries like Pakistan are already feeling the health consequences of waterborne diseases, with approximately 80% of diseases in these regions being water-related. Climate change is affecting water quality in Pakistan through temperature and rainfall fluctuations.

Achieving the objectives set in global climate agreements and the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require a comprehensive climate change policy (CCP) and its strict implementation. However, designing and implementing a CCP is a significant challenge, especially for developing countries like Pakistan with low growth trajectories, high poverty levels, and vulnerability to climate change. Pakistan is committed to fulfilling ambitious plans for mitigation and adaptation to limit global temperature rise to “well below” 2°C. Climate change-induced erratic weather patterns are the biggest environmental challenge affecting various sectors of the economy, including energy, water resources, health, biodiversity, and agricultural productivity. Pakistan is prone to climate change-induced extreme weather and disasters, which, coupled with chronic poverty and political and economic volatility, have led to undernutrition and food insecurity in the country. Pakistan is at risk of significant harm from climate change, with profound social, environmental, and economic consequences. The country is particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming and climate change due to its heavy dependence on the environment for survival, rapid population growth and density, limited ability to adapt to negative impacts, and widespread poverty. Recognizing this vulnerability, Pakistan has established national policies to address climate change and is now working on creating an action plan to integrate climate change considerations into the planning process effectively.

The role of youth in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate action in Pakistan and society is crucial and multifaceted. Youth have the energy, creativity, and motivation needed to drive significant change. Through taking an active role in advocacy and awareness such as engaging in advocacy to influence government policies and promote sustainable practices. Youth can participate in forums, write petitions, and meet with policymakers to push for stronger climate action and sustainable development policies. The youth in Pakistan play a pivotal role in advancing SDGs and climate action. Their involvement spans from grassroots initiatives to high-level advocacy, embodying the change they wish to see. By leveraging their energy, innovation, and commitment, they are driving significant progress towards a more sustainable and equitable future.

About Hamza Sheeraz:

He is a young social activist and community leader from Karachi, Pakistan, a brilliant student and visionary who serves as an example by influencing others, he thinks, writes and act around SDGs, Climate Change, SRHR and social justice. he can be contacted at hamzasheerazkhan767@gmail.com